Contact Buffalo to discuss NDT Inspections for your company.
Head Office: 3867 Roper Road Edmonton, AB T6B 3S5
Toll Free: 1.800.634.8588
Phone: 780.486.7344
Fax: 780.486.4685
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Phased array ultrasonic testing (UT) systems offer the greatest possibility of performing inspections with the ultrasonic beams of various angles and focal lengths using a single array of transducers. Software control over the beam angles and focusing is achieved by application of precisely controlled delays to both the emission pulse and received signal for each element in an array of transducers, hence the term, “phased array”.
The benefits of phased array technology over conventional UT come from its ability to use multiple elements to steer, focus and scan beams with a single transducer assembly. Beam steering, commonly referred to as sectorial scanning, can be used for mapping components at appropriate angles. This can greatly simply the inspection of components with complex geometries. The ability to test welds with multiple angles from a single probe greatly increases the probability of detection of discontinuities and anomalies. The ability to focus at multiple depths also improves the ability for sizing critical defects for volumetric inspections.
Manufacturing flaws (lack of sidewall fusion, lack of root penetration, lack of root fusion, porosity, etc.), in services flaws (fatigue cracking, stress corrosion cracking, corrosion, erosion, etc.) and parent metal flaws (inclusions and laminations) are among the defects that phased array can readily detect.
Most ultrasonic techniques rely on receiving specular reflections from defects, even if only from particular facets. Time of flight diffraction (TOFD) detects flaws using the signals diffracted from the flaw’s extremities. Two angled compression wave probes are used in transmit-receive mode, one on each side of the weld. The beam divergence is such that the majority of the thickness is inspected, although, for thicker components, more than one probe separation may be required. When the sound strikes the tip of the crack, this acts as a secondary emitter which scatters sound out in all directions, some in the direction of the receiving probe. A lateral wave traveling at the same velocity as the compression waves, travels directly from the transmitter to the receiver. The time difference between the lateral wave and the diffracted signal from the flaw provides a measure of its distance from the scanned surface. If the flaw is large enough in the through-wall dimension, it may be possible to resolve the tip-diffracted signals from its top and bottom, thereby allowing the through-wall height of the flaw to be measured.
The TOFD technique is well suited for the detection and the sizing of all types of embedded flaws, especially those planar in nature. However, the detection of small near-the-scan-surface flaws can be more difficult due to the presence of the lateral wave response which often occupies several millimeters of the depth axis on images.
To sort through this technical explanation and to determine the applicability of TOFD Ultrasonic Testing (UT) for your particular non-destructive testing (NDT) needs, please call one of our highly-qualified ultrasonics technicians. They can readily explain the limitations and the advantages of using TOFD UT.
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